References

References

1. Fertility challenges. Fertility Out Loud. April 19, 2021. Accessed March 2, 2024. https://www.fertilityoutloud.com/fertility-challenges. 
2. F Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (n.d.). What is infertility? Retrieved August 30, 2024, from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/infertility/conditioninfo/common  
3. United States, MMWR ART Surveill Summ 1987-2021.. 
4. Nature. 1990;344:768–770.   
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2015–2019. National Health Statistics Reports. Number 179. January 10, 2023. 
6. The United States Department of Health and Human Service (HHS), 2022 ONC Report to Congress. Update on the Access, Exchange and Use of Electronic Health Information. March 2023. 
7. CBS News/YouGov pol. March 3, 2024. Survey of 2,159 adults. MOE ± 2.8 points. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/4507514-overwhelming-majority-americans-support-keeping-ivf-legal-for-women-poll/ 
8. Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J, et al. World Health Organization. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009. Fertil Steril. 2009 Nov;92(5):1520-4. 
9. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. How common is infertility. February. 2018. 
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Infertility FAQs.” CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/infertility-faq/index.html. Accessed September 10 2024. * In the United States, 1 in 5 (19%) of married women aged 15 to 49 with no prior births are unable to get pregnant after 1 year of trying. 
11. World J Mens Health. 2023 Oct;41(4):920-927. 
12. EMBO Rep. 2012 May 1;13(5):398-403. 
13. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. 
*Oligospermia- fewer than 15 million sperm in 1 milliliter of semen (usual normal value is >20 million/mL).  
14. Sadeghi MR. Unexplained infertility, the controversial matter in management of infertile couples. J Reprod Infertil. 2015 Jan-Mar;16(1):1-2. PMID: 25717428; PMCID: PMC4322174. 
15. Sundaram, R., Mumford, S. L., & Buck Louis, G. M. (2017). Couples’ body composition and time-to-pregnancy. Human Reproduction 2017 Mar 1;32(3):662-668 
16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Fact Sheet: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Use Across the United States. March 2024. 
17. Palmerola KL, Amrane S, De Los Angeles A, et al. Replication stress impairs chromosome segregation and preimplantation development in human embryos. Cell. 2022 Aug 4;185(16):2988-3007.e20. 
18. Larsen EC, Christiansen OB, Kolte AM, Macklon N. New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage. BMC Med. 2013 Jun 26;11:154. 
19. Blue NR, Page JM, Silver RM. Genetic abnormalities and pregnancy loss. Semin Perinatol. 2019 Mar;43(2):66-73. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.12.002. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PMID: 30638594; PMCID: PMC8272960 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8272960/#R7. 
20. Sharma R. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2013 Jul 16;11:66. 
21. 22. Macklon NS. Hum Reprod Update. 2002 Jul-Aug;8(4):333-43. 
ACOG FAQs. Having a Baby After Age 35: How Aging Affects Fertility and Pregnancy. February 2023. 
23. Metwally M. Fertil Steril. 2008 Sep;90(3):714-26.  
24. Rossen LM. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2018 Jan;32(1):19-29.   
25. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. “In Vitro Fertilization Treatment.” ReproductiveFacts.org, https://www.reproductivefacts.org/patient-journeys/in-vitro-fertilization-treatment/. Accessed September 10, 2024. 
26. Ata B, Kalafat E, Somigliana E. A new definition of recurrent implantation failure on the basis of anticipated blastocyst aneuploidy rates across female age. Fertil Steril. 2021 Nov;116(5):1320-1327. 
27. O’Connor KA, Holman DJ, Wood JW. Declining fecundity and ovarian ageing in natural fertility populations. Maturitas. 1998;30:127–136. 
28. Macklon NS et al. Hum Reprod Update. 2002 Jul-Aug;8(4):333-43. 
29. Awadalla MS et al. F S Rep. 2022 Feb 23;3(2):131-137. 
30. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Having a Baby After Age 35: How Aging Affects Fertility and Pregnancy. February 2023. 
IVF=in vitro fertilization. 
31. Mena GP, Mielke GI, Brown WJ. Do physical activity, sitting time and body mass index affect fertility over a 15-year period in women? Data from a large population-based cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2020 Mar 27;35(3):676-683..  
32. Wesselink AK et al. Age and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;217(6):667.e1-667.e8. 
33. CDC. Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Indicators. Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. November 2023. 
34. Leridon H. Can assisted reproduction technology compensate for the natural decline in fertility with age? A model assessment. Hum Reprod. 2004 Jul;19(7):1548-53.   
35. Sunderam S, Zhang Y, Jewett A, Mardovich S, Kissin DM. State-Specific Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance, United States: 2013 – 2023 Data Brief. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2013-2023. 
36. Jarvis GE. Estimating limits for natural human embryo mortality. F1000Res. 2016 Aug 26;5:2083. 
37. Gomez R, Hafezi N, Amrani M, Schweiger S, Dewenter MK, Thomas P, Lieb C, Hasenburg A, Skala C. Genetic findings in miscarriages and their relation to the number of previous miscarriages. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 Jun;303(6):1425-1432. 
38. Cuenca D. Pregnancy loss: Consequences for mental health. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022; 3: 1032212. 
39. Quenby S, Gallos ID, Dhillon-Smith RK, et al. Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss. The Lancet. Volume 397, Issue 10285, P1658-1667, May 01, 2021. 
40. Ljunger, E., Cnattingius, S., Lundin, C. and Annerén, G. (2005), Chromosomal anomalies in first-trimester miscarriages. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 84: 1103-1107. 
41. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2012 Nov;98(5):1103-11 
42. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O’Connor JF, Baird DD, Schlatterer JP, Canfield RE, Armstrong EG, Nisula BC. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1988 Jul 28;319(4):189-94. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198807283190401. PMID: 3393170.. 
43. Larsen EC, Christiansen OB, Kolte AM, Macklon N. New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage. BMC Med. 2013 Jun 26;11:154. 
44. ACOG. Early Pregnancy Loss. Practice Bulletin Number 200. November 2018. 
45. Munné S, Kaplan B, Frattarelli JL, et al. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy versus morphology as selection criteria for single frozen-thawed embryo transfer in good-prognosis patients: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril. 2019 Dec;112(6):1071-1079.e7. 
46. Iwasa T, Kuwahara A, Takeshita T, et al. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy and chromosomal structural rearrangement: A summary of a nationwide study by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Reprod Med Biol. 2023 May 31;22(1):e12518. 
47. Yan J, Qin Y, Zhao H, Sun Y, et al. Live Birth with or without Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 25;385(22):2047-2058. 
48. Yan J, Qin Y, Zhao H, Sun Y, et al. Live Birth with or without Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 25;385(22):2047-2058. 
49. Barad DH, Albertini DF, Molinari E, Gleicher N. IVF outcomes of embryos with abnormal PGT-A biopsy previously refused transfer: a prospective cohort study, Human Reproduction, Volume 37, Issue 6, June 2022, Pages 1194–1206. 
PGT-A=Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. 
50. Mo Med. 2017 May-Jun;114(3):156-159. PMID: 30228571 
51. Sunderam S, Zhang Y, Jewett A, Mardovich S, Kissin DM. State-Specific Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance, United States: 2021 Data Brief. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2023. 
52. Chambers GM, Dyer S, Zegers-Hochschild F, de Mouzon J, Ishihara O, Banker M, Mansour R, Kupka MS, Adamson GD. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies world report: assisted reproductive technology, 2014†. Hum Reprod. 2021 Oct 18;36(11):2921-2934. 
53. Awadalla MS, Ho JR, McGinnis LK, Ahmady A, Cortessis VK, Paulson RJ. Embryo morphology and live birth in the United States. F S Rep. 2022 Feb 23;3(2):131-137. 
54. Kushnir VA, Barad DH, Albertini DF, Darmon SK, Gleicher N. Systematic review of worldwide trends in assisted reproductive technology 2004-2013. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2017 Jan 10;15(1):6.  
ART= Assisted reproductive technology 
55. United States, MMWR ART Surveill Summ 2007-2021. 
56. Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) ART registry system, 2007-2021. 
57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021 Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Clinic and National Summary Report. US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2023. 
58. 2023 Data Brief. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2013-2023. 
59. F1000Res. 2016 Aug 26;5:2083. 
60. Hum Reprod Update. 2002 Jul-Aug;8(4):333-43. 
61. Health Affairs Forefront. 10.1377/forefront.20230608.910810. June 2023. 
62.  N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 25;385(22):2047-2058.  
63. Reprod Med Biol. 2023 May 31;22(1):e12518. 
64. Reprod Sci. 2022 May;29(5):1449-1456. 
65. United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ 2019;68(No. SS-4):1–23.  
66. CDC. National Center for Health Statistics. Fertility Rates by State.   
67. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2328335 
68. Fertil Steril. 2023 Sep;120(3 Pt 1):449-456. 
69. Connell MT, Richter KS, Devine K, Hill MJ, DeCherney AH, Doyle JO, Tucker MJ, Levy MJ. Larger oocyte cohorts maximize fresh IVF cycle birth rates and availability of surplus high-quality blastocysts for cryopreservation. Reprod Biomed Online. 2019 May;38(5):711-723.  * Retrospective cohort analysis of 10,193 fresh autologous oocyte retrievals among good-prognosis patients <35 years from 2009 to 2015. 
70. CDC. National Center for Health Statistics. Fertility Rates by State. *2016-2021 certified SART reporting clinics. 
71. CDC. State-Specific Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance, United States: 2021 Data Brief. 
72. Daily Kos · National – Registered Voters · March 9-12, 2024. Survey of 1324 registered voters in the United States from March 9-12, 2024. 
73. CBS News/YouGov pol. March 3, 2024. Survey of 2,159 adults. MOE ± 2.8 points. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/4507514-overwhelming-majority-americans-support-keeping-ivf-legal-for-women-poll 
74. Gallup’s annual Values and Beliefs poll, conducted May 1-23. 2024. Interviews are conducted with U.S. adults aged 18 and older living in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. 
75. Pew Research Center. Americans Overwhelmingly Say Access to IVF is Good Thing. April 2024. Survey of 8,709 U.S. adults from April 8 to 14, 2024. 
76. Anderson ML, Christian Living. April 2019. 
77. “Testosterone Clinics Sell Virility. Some Men End Up With Infertility.” The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/testosterone-clinics-telehealth-steroids-474835d5. Accessed September 9, 2024. 
78. “The Irony of Pro-Life Efforts to Grant Embryos Legal Personhood.” Petrie-Flom Center, Harvard Law School, 15 May 2023, https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2023/05/15/the-irony-of-pro-life-efforts-to-grant-embryos-legal-personhood/. Accessed September 9, 2024. 
79. Petch S, Crosby D. Updates in preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2024 in press https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2024.102526. 
80. Tiegs AW et al. A multicenter, prospective, blinded, nonselection study evaluating the predictive value of an aneuploid diagnosis using a targeted next-generation sequencing-based preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy assay and impact of biopsy. 
81. Ma S, Liao J, Zhang S, Yang X, Hocher B, Tan J, Tan Y, Hu L, Gong F, Xie P, Lin G. Exploring the efficacy and beneficial population of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy start from the oocyte retrieval cycle: a real-world study. J Transl Med. 2023 Nov 2;21(1):779. 
82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Reports Archive.” CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/art/reports/archive.html. Accessed September 4, 2024. 
83. Fertil Steril. 2021 Mar;115(3):627-637  
84. Haviland MJ, Murphy LA, Modest AM, Fox MP, Wise LA, Nillni YI, Sakkas D, Hacker MR. Comparison of pregnancy outcomes following preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy using a matched propensity score design. Hum Reprod. 2020 Oct 1;35(10):2356-2364. 
85. Adamyan L, Pivazyan L, Obosyan L, Krylova E, Isaeva S. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy in patients of different age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2024 Jul;67(4):356-379.